Barrage (artillery)

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A German barrage falling on Allied trenches at Ypres, probably during the second battle in 1915.

A barrage is a line or barrier of exploding artillery shells, created by the co-ordinated aiming of a large number of guns firing continuously. Its purpose is to deny or hamper enemy passage through the line of the barrage, to attack a linear position such as a line of trenches or (as a creeping or rolling barrage) to neutralize the enemy in the path of an advance by friendly troops. It contrasts with a concentration, in which all the guns aim at the same small area.

The barrage was developed in World War I, and by late 1916 the creeping barrage was the standard means of deploying artillery to support an infantry attack, with the infantry following the advancing barrage as closely as possible. Its employment in this way recognised the importance of artillery fire in neutralising, rather than destroying, the enemy. It was found that a creeping barrage immediately followed by the infantry assault could be far more effective than weeks of preliminary bombardment.

Barrages remained in use in World War II and later, but only as one of a variety of artillery tactics made possible by improvements in predicted fire, target location and communications.

Contents 1 Development of the creeping barrage 2 Standing and box barrages 3 Advantages and drawbacks 4 World War I 5 World War II 6 Korean War and after 7 Use and misuse of the word 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links

Development of the creeping barrage

A 4.7 inch gun firing over open sights during the Battle of Magersfontein, South Africa, 1899.

The barrage was developed during World War I. Until 1914-15, artillery usually fired over open sights at visible targets, and the largest unit accustomed to firing at a single target was the regiment or brigade, of up to about 25 guns. Trench warfare led to a necessity for indirect firing through the use of observers, more sophisticated artillery fire plans and an increasingly scientific approach to gunnery. Gunners had to use increasingly complicated calculations to lay the guns. Individual guns were aimed so that their fall of shot was co-ordinated with others to form a pattern; in the case of a barrage, the pattern was a line. The term “barrage” was first used in English in the orders for the battle of Neuve Chapelle in 1915.

A lifting barrage was a development in which the barrage lifted periodically to a target further back, such as a second line of trenches. This was countered by the defenders infiltrating troops and machine guns into no-man’s land or the areas between their own trench lines, so it was found necessary to comb the entire area of the advance with artillery fire. A creeping barrage (also called a walking barrage) was a barrage that lifted in small increments, perhaps 50 yards, so that it moved forward slowly, keeping pace with the infantry. A rolling barrage was more sophisticated still, with two or more curtains of fire, one behind the other, so that when the batteries firing the rearmost pattern ceased fire to lift the barrage, there was no pause or gap in the barrage. Those batteries lifted their fire to become the forward edge of the barrage, and the pattern was repeated to keep the barrage rolling forward without ever ceasing.

Initially the lifts of the creeping barrage were pre-programmed; that gave rise to problems when the infantry attack did not keep up with the barrage, or was slowed down by it. By the end of World War I the barrage could be made to move in complicated ways, with the barrage wheeling or even combing back and forth across the same ground to catch the defenders re-emerging after the barrage had passed, but it was still governed by a timetable. By World War II, as techniques and communications improved, the barrage lifts could be ordered by forward observers or by the infantry themselves. The British developed the “quick barrage”, a standardised barrage pattern that could be ordered by radio without advance plotting of the fireplan on a map.

Standing and box barrages

A standing barrage was static. A standing barrage might be defensive, to inhibit the movement of enemy troops and break up attacks. A creeping barrage could be made to stand on a static line for a time before it moved on, perhaps waiting for the infantry to form up behind it, or to catch up, or perhaps it would stand on the line of known enemy defences, to do more damage and sap enemy morale. The fireplan for the Battle of Messines on 17 June 1917 called for most of the 18-pounder field guns to fire a creeping barrage of shrapnel immediately ahead of the advance, while the other field guns and 4.5 inch howitzers fired a standing barrage some 700 yards (640 m) further ahead. The standing barrage was aligned with known German positions, and lifted to the next target when the advance reached within 400 yards (370 m) of it. As each objective was taken by the infantry, the creeping barrage would pause 150 to 300 yards (140 to 270 m) ahead of them and become a standing barrage, protecting the newly-gained positions from counterattack while the infantry consolidated. During this time the pace of fire slackened to one round per gun a minute, enabling the guns and the crews a respite, before resuming full intensity as the barrage moved on. The heavy and super-heavy artillery fired on German rear areas, and over 700 machine guns participated in the barrage plan using indirect fire over the heads of their own troops.

In a box barrage three or four barrages formed a box—or more often three sides of a box—around a position to isolate it. Standing or box barrages were often used for Defensive Fire tasks, in which the barrage was pre-registered in a position agreed with the defending infantry commander, to be called down in the event of an enemy attack on his positions. A box barrage could also be used to prevent the enemy from reinforcing a position to be attacked. In a trench raid of March 1917, 1st Battalion the Buffs were supported first by a creeping barrage, then by a box barrage once they were in the enemy trenches, to prevent German reinforcement or counterattack, plus dummy bombardments on other sections of the line to confuse the enemy.

Advantages and drawbacks

It was soon appreciated how important it was for the attacking troops to follow the barrage closely (leaning on the barrage), without allowing time for the defenders to recover from the shock of bombardment and emerge from their dug-outs; the French reckoned they should be suffering 10% of their casualties from their own artillery if they were close enough to the barrage. Ideally the attackers should be into the enemy positions before the defenders have time to recover their composure after the terror of an intense bombardment, emerge from shelters and man their firing positions. On the first day of the Somme, and in the later French Nivelle Offensive on the Chemin des Dames, the barrage outpaced the infantry, allowing the defenders to recover and emerge from their dug-outs, with disastrous results for the attackers. By the end of World War I it was realised that the important effect of the barrage was to demoralise and suppress the enemy, rather than physical destruction; a short, intense bombardment immediately followed by infantry assault was more effective than the weeks of grinding bombardment used in 1916.

A creeping barrage could maintain the element of surprise, with the guns opening fire only shortly before the assault troops moved off. It was useful when enemy positions had not been thoroughly reconnoitered, as it did not depend on identifying individual targets in advance. On the other hand it was wasteful of ammunition and guns, as much of the fire would inevitably fall on ground containing no enemy.

The World War I barrage with programmed lifts had the effect of confining the infantry advance to the artillery schedule, and of requiring the use of linear tactics, restricting infantry manoeuvre. Infiltration tactics later proved more effective than advancing in rigid lines, and the infiltration phase of German stormtrooper attacks could not use a creeping barrage; but the opening phase of Operation Michael was still supported by a massive creeping barrage, containing a heavy mix of gas shells. The importance of the barrage was such that traditional infantry tactics, such as reliance on the infantry’s own firepower to support its movement, were sometimes forgotten.

In the featureless Western Desert in World War II, one benefit of the barrage was that it enabled the infantry to conform their line to the barrage, ensuring that their line of advance was correct.

By 1943 the barrage was considered to dissipate firepower and to constrain the infantry into advancing in rigid lines.

A barrage could severely churn up the ground, especially in soft going, and impede the progress of the attacking troops.

World War I

Men of the Australian Heavy Artillery capping 8 inch shells with ‘106′ (instantaneous) fuses.

A creeping barrage was first used in a small section of the line at the battle of Loos, but the infantry did not advance behind it. The first day of the battle of the Somme saw the first large-scale creeping barrage, closely followed by the infantry and intended to keep pace with them. On XV Corps front, the barrage was programmed to lift 50 yards (46 m) every minute. Unfortunately it did not protect the troops whilst they were crossing No-Man’s Land, and along the Somme front it proved impossible for the infantry to keep up with the pace of the barrage. A creeping barrage became the standard tactic for infantry attacks from September 1916 onward, and soon spread to the French army, enabling the French recapture of Fort Vaux at Verdun in November 1916. By the later stages of the Battle of the Somme, the British had learned the lessons of keeping close to the barrage: the BEF circulated an aerial observer’s report commending a “most perfect wall of fire” followed up within 50 yards (46 m) by the infantry of 50th Division, enabling them to take a village with little opposition. A report said “Experience has shown that it is far better to risk a few casualties from an occasional short round from our own artillery than to suffer the many casualties which occur when the bombardment is not closely followed up”.

Planning map for an Allied creeping barrage at the First Battle of Passchendaele.

At first, British creeping barrages consisted only of shrapnel shells, but an equal mix of HE was soon added, in some cases later supplemented by smoke shells. The creeping barrage would advance at a rate of 100 yards every one to six minutes, depending on terrain and conditions; although six minutes was found to be too slow. By the Battle of Arras in 1917 the creeping barrage was huge and complex, with five or six lines of fire covering a depth of 2,000 yards (1,800 m) ahead of the infantry. Predicted fire was used, so that the barrage opened without preliminary target registration shots. Back barrages were fired, in which rearmost lines of the barrage reversed direction, and machine gun barrages were introduced. False barrages attempted to deceive the enemy about Allied intentions or to force him to reveal his positions. The creeping barrage was used to great effect in the Canadian success at Vimy Ridge. The opening attack of the Battle of Passchendaele was covered by a barrage of shrapnel and HE on a collossal scale, fired by over 3,000 British guns and howitzers: one 18-pounder for every 15 yards (14 m) of front, and a heavy howitzer for every 50 yards (46 m), with yet more guns in the French sector. The British barrage advanced 100 yards (91 m) every four minutes, with the infantry following as close as 50 yards (46 m) from the bursting shells. One battery’s programme required 45 lifts. As each objective was reached, the barrage settled 500 yards (460 m) beyond the new position, combing back and forth to disrupt expected German counter-attacks, while some of the artillery moved forward to support the next phase of the advance.

On the Eastern Front, German Colonel Georg Bruchmüller developed a form of double creeping barrage, with the first line of the barrage consisting of gas shells. His ideas were applied on the Western Front in the Spring Offensive of 1918.

The day of the lengthy large-scale preliminary barrage had largely passed by the end of World War I, at least in Western nations, with the realisation that best results were achieved by neutralising the enemy rather than attempting his physical destruction, and that short, concentrated bombardments, including creeping barrages, were more effective in neutralising the enemy than extended bombardment. Once open warfare returned after the breaking of the Hindenburg Line in September 1918 the British fired far fewer creeping barrages, using more lifts and concentrations instead.

Attacks by tanks do not need the same form of artillery support, and the single barrage along the entire front of the advance had even been abandoned by the battle of Cambrai in 1917. More sophisticated fire control enabled infantry to call down artillery fire in direct support, or targeting of identified enemy positions. Nevertheless, barrages remained in use. On 31 August 1918 the attack of the US 32nd Division was preceded by a walking barrage. After first passing over the German line, the barrage returned twice more, attempting to catch the defenders returning to their firing positions from their dugouts, or to keep them underground when the real assault went in.

World War II

The barrage remained in use in World War II, but was no longer the dominant artillery plan. In the absence of the huge set-piece infantry assaults of World War I, barrages were on a smaller scale. For the opening of the battle of El Alamein, for example, a barrage was considered by Montgomery’s planners, but rejected in favour of fierce concentrations on known or suspected targets in turn. Along a 12,000 yard front, 456 guns were considered insufficient for a true creeping barrage (at Neuve Chapelle there had been one gun for every four yards of front). But creeping and rolling barrages were used in some divisional sectors and in later phases of the Alamein battle. For Operation Supercharge on 1–2 November 1942, the attack in the 2nd New Zealand Division sector was preceded by a creeping barrage of 192 guns along a 4,000 yard front, firing on three lines. There was almost one 25-pounder for every 20 yards of front, plus two medium regiments thickening the barrage.

While artillery tactics had been subjected to considerable evolution between the Wars, the British Gunnery School at Larkhill developed the most significant techniques for rapidly controlling and coordinating artillery fire. The impact of this was first felt in the Western Desert campaign. In World War I it had become essential to plot the location of all guns accurately, but the British would now survey in all their guns to one reference point; that made it possible for every artillery piece within range to join a fireplan in a very few minutes (provided they were in communications), rather than over several hours or days.

By the fighting in Tunisia, more guns were available and the defenders were more concentrated than in the Western Desert. The artillery plan for the British attack at Wadi Akarit in April 1943 involved no less than eight barrages in three phases ahead of the advances of 50th and 51st Divisions. They included a standing barrage to mark the start line in the dark and enable the infantry to form up in the right alignment; a barrage that wheeled left during the advance; and an on-call creeping barrage. Nevertheless, attacks rarely relied solely on a barrage for artillery support: at Wadi Akarit pre-arranged concentrations on likely targets were called down by observers in the course of the assault.

Nevertheless, it remained in use in the Italian Campaign. In the assault on the Hitler Line on 23 May 1944, 810 guns were amassed for the attack of I Canadian Corps. Three hundred of them fired on the first line of a 3,200 yard wide barrage, beginning three minutes before the infantry moved off and lifting at a rate of 100 yards in five minutes. It was due to pause for an hour at the first objective, then lift at 100 yards per three minutes to the further objectives, but the timing was disrupted by heavy resistance and defensive artillery fire. The operation was later criticised for concentrating on too narrow a front, constrained by the need for enough guns to produce a dense barrage.

British 4.5 inch gun in action near Tilly-sur-Seulles, Normandy, 1944.

In the assault crossing of the Senio in 1945, dummy barrages were used to confuse the enemy, either misleading them as to the line of attack or drawing them out of shelters as the barrage passed, expecting an infantry assault, only to catch them with a renewed barrage or air attacks. On Monte Sole, US artillery fired probably its heaviest barrage of the war, 75,000 shells in a half hour to clear the advance of the South Africans.

In Normandy, a creeping barrage fired from 344 guns preceded the opening attacks of 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division in Operation Epsom on 26 June 1944.

For the opening of Operation Veritable, the push to the Rhine, the fire of 1,050 field and heavy guns was supplemented by 850 barrels of pepper-pot barrage: other weapons – mortars, machine guns, tanks, anti-tank guns, anti-aircraft guns and rockets – supplementing the field guns. The true barrage of the British XXX Corps began at 09.20, building in intensity over the next hour, 500 guns shooting at a line 500 yards deep. The barrage included smoke shells to screen the attackers forming up behind the barrage. From 10.30 the barrage was pure high explosive and began to roll forward. A 300 yard lift was made every 12 minutes, the lifts being signalled to the infantry by yellow smoke shells, and the barrage paused for ½ hour at each defensive line. 2,500 shells were fired per km² per hour until the barrage stopped at 16.30.

The barrage remained in Soviet doctrine in World War II, where the creeping barrage by massed guns was the standard accompaniment to an infantry assault. The Soviet artillery lacked the sophisticated communications nets necessary for more subtle tactics, but had plenty of guns. Some 7,000 guns and mortars were massed for the counterattack at Stalingrad, and huge bombardments remained standard for the rest of the war.

Korean War and after

Illustration of a complex walking barrage, used during defence of Khe Sanh, Vietnam.

The barrage continued in use into the Korean War. At the Battle of Pork Chop Hill, UN forces employed on-call, pre-registered defensive fires called flash fire to defend its outposts, in which artillery laid down a box barrage in a horseshoe-shaped pattern around the outpost. It was still in use in the Vietnam War.

In the 1982 Falklands War, the assault of 42 Commando Royal Marines on Mount Harriet was preceded by an accurate walking barrage from supporting artillery, firing some 100 metres ahead of the advancing Marines. Later phases of the attack used a pepperpot barrage, including Milan anti-tank missiles.

Use and misuse of the word

The word barrage, imported from the French for “barrier” around 1915, denotes a particular artillery tactic, and has a very specific meaning in military circles.

Barrage is frequently misused to describe any form of artillery fire of more than one round: On April 29, 2007, Reuters reported “US Launches Barrage in Southern Baghdad”, but instead of the mass destruction and casualties one would expect from a barrage in a residential area, it appears that about 24 rounds were fired, probably against point targets. Even military historians use it in a non-technical sense, referring to any intense artillery fire.

The word has entered the general language, meaning any intense sequence of words or missiles – such as a barrage of questions.

Notes

1. ^ Hogg, p 13
2. ^ “Artillery Terms and Tactics”. Vietnam Veterans Home Page. 1999-09-01. http://www.vietvet.org/arty.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-01. 
3. ^ Hogg, pp 25-26
4. ^ http://members.tripod.com/~nigelef/fireplan.htm#BARRAGE%20LAYOUTS Retrieved on 19 November 2007
5. ^ Hogg, p 30
6. ^ http://members.tripod.com/~nigelef/fireplan.htm#FIRE%20PLAN%20DESIGN Retrieved on 19 November 2007
7. ^ Steel, Nigel; Hart, Peter (2001). Passchendaele—The Sacrificial Ground. Cassel. pp. 45 & 54. ISBN 9781407214672. 
8. ^ M Connelly, Steady The Buffs!: A Regiment, a Region, and the Great War, Oxford University Press, 1996, p
9. ^ Hogg, p 21
10. ^ Hogg, p 26
11. ^ Murphy, W E, 2nd New Zealand Divisional Artillery, New Zealand Historical Publications Branch, Wellington, 1966, p403, extract available online at http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Arti-c12-1.html Retrieved on 27 October 2007
12. ^ D T Zabecki, The German 1918 Offensives: A Case Study of The Operational Level of War, Taylor & Francis, 2005, p 44, 70, 140
13. ^ Griffith, p 67
14. ^ ^{a b} Hogg, p 66
15. ^ Maj-Gen Francis Tuker, commanding 4th Indian Division, cited by Bidwell, p58
16. ^ Hogg, pp 32 % 147
17. ^ Don Farr, The Silent General: Horne of the First Army, Helion, 2007, p 86
18. ^ Griffith, pp 65–66 & 143
19. ^ Griffith, pp 141 & 146
20. ^ Griffith, pp 85 & 144
21. ^ Hogg, p 28
22. ^ Steel, Nigel; Hart, Peter (2001). Passchendaele—The Sacrificial Ground. Cassel. pp. 84 & 94. ISBN 9781407214672. 
23. ^ D T Zabecki, The German 1918 Offensives: A Case Study of The Operational Level of War, Taylor & Francis, 2005, p 56
24. ^ Griffith, pp 141 and 147
25. ^ Hogg, pp 32-33
26. ^ The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia, Ed. Anne C. Venzon, Garland Publishing, 1999, p 645
27. ^ Murphy, W E, 2nd New Zealand Divisional Artillery, New Zealand Historical Publications Branch, Wellington, 1966, pp402-404, extract available online at http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Arti-c12-1.html Retrieved on 27 October 2007
28. ^ Bidwell, pp54-58
29. ^ Hogg, pp 108-109
30. ^ Hogg, pp 114-117
31. ^ Reynolds, Michael, Sons of the Reich: The History of II SS Panzer Corps in Normandy, Arnhem, the Ardennes and on the Eastern Front. Casemate Publishers and Book Distributors, 2002, pp 19-20
32. ^ Hogg, pp 144-148
33. ^ Hogg, pp 87-92
34. ^ “Battles of the Falklands Conflict:Mount Harriet - 11/12 June 1982″. Royal Air Force. 2004-10-01. http://www.raf.mod.uk/falklands/harriet1.html. Retrieved 2008-01-20. 
35. ^ “U.S. launches artillery barrage in Baghdad”. Reuters. April 29 , 2007. http://uk.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUKWRI92044020070429. Retrieved 2008-01-01. 

References

• Hogg, Ian V, Barrage: the Guns in Action, Macdonald, 1971
• Bidwell, Shelford, Artillery Tactics 1939-45, Almark, 1976
• Blackburn, George G., The Guns of Normandy, The Guns of Victory, and Where the Hell are the Guns McClellandStewart, 1995-97.
• Griffith, Paddy, Battle Tactics of the Western Front: British Army’s Art of Attack, 1916-18, Yale, 1996
• “Artillery in World War 2—The field artillery organisation, tactics, gunnery methods and regiments of the Royal Artillery and the artilleries of British Commonwealth”. http://nigelef.tripod.com/index.htm. Retrieved 2 January 2010.  A large and detailed site on Royal Artillery methods in World War 2
• US Launches Barrage in Southern Baghdad Reuters, 29 April 2007. Example of misuse of term barrage. Retrieved on 24 October 2007.

External links

• British Artillery in WWII Fire Planning detailed account of barrage techniques on a site devoted to technicalities of British artillery. Retrieved on 19 November 2007.
• Historical Artillery and Mortar Tactics an excellent summary of artillery tactics, mainly WWII, including details of the fire pattern sizes used by different guns and units making up the barrage
• Artillery Terms and Tactics glossary of Vietnam era US artillery terminology
• 2nd New Zealand Divisional Artillery: Planning Supercharge detailed account of a barrage plan
• New York Times extracts 19 July 1918 reporting Pershing’s communique including references to several tactical uses of barrages by US and German forces Retrieved on 6 November 2007

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)”
Categories: Artillery operation

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Modus

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Look up modus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Modus can mean:

• In linguistics the modus is Latin name for grammatical mood, the description of the relationship of a verb with reality and intent.
• In statistics the modus is Latin name for mode, the value that has the largest number of observations, namely the most frequent value or values.
• Modus (medieval music), a term used in several different technical meanings in medieval music theory
• Modus (www.myspace.com/modusuk) is a New Age/Electronic music artist from the Wirral, UK. Mal Davies was the keyboard player in 80’s Liverpool band ‘Always The Now’ before going it alone and writing and composing music on computers alone as ‘Modus’
• The Renault Modus is a small car made by Renault.
• Modus (band) was a successful pop music band in former Czechoslovakia with singers Ján Lehotský, Marika Gombitová and Miroslav Žbirka.
• Modus FX is a visual effects company based in Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec, Canada.
• Modus Properties, a now defunct UK property developer, based in Manchester, England. It became defunct after it and its subsidaries entered administration in 2008.

See also

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• Modus operandi (disambiguation)
• Modus vivendi

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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Southern Michigan

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Southern Michigan
Central Michigan
Country	United States
State	Michigan
Southern Michigan lies within the central part of the state.

Southern Michigan is a subregion of Central Michigan in the Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. It is a region of rolling farmland and scattered urban centers. Southern Michigan is commonly considered to be the area west of the Southeast Michigan area and east of Kalamazoo County, consisting of Battle Creek, Jackson, and everything to the south. The largest city is Battle Creek, by other definitions will include Lansing as part if this region, and would therefore be the largest city in it. Other main cities include Albion, Battle Creek, Coldwater, Hillsdale, andJackson.

Notes

See also

• List of Michigan county name etymologies
• Mid or Central Michigan
• Lower Peninsula

External links

• Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, Bibliography on Michigan (arranged by counties and regions)
• Michigan Geology — Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University.
• Michigan Department of Natural Resources website, harbors, hunting, resources and more.
• Info Michigan, detailed information on 630 cities
• List of Museums, other attractions compiled by state government.
• Michigan’s Official Economic Development and Travel Site.
• USCG’s complete list of Michigan lighthouses.
• Map of Michigan Lighthouse in PDF Format.

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Helene Weinstein

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Helene E. Weinstein represents District 41 in the New York State Assembly, which comprises Sheepshead Bay, Flatlands, East Flatbush, Midwood and Canarsie.

First elected in 1980, Weinstein currently chairs the Assembly’s Judiciary Committee and is a member of the standing committees on Aging, Codes, Ethics and Guidance, Rules and Ways and Means. She previously chaired the Assembly Committee on Governmental Employees and Election law and the Assembly Task Force on Women’s Issues for seven years.

She has been involved in the drafting and passage of several key pieces of legislation, especially with respect to family law. She is the sponsor of the Family Protection and Domestic Violence Intervention Act, as well as the Child Support Standards Act.

Weinstein has previously served as an appointee of former Governor Mario Cuomo to the New York State Child Support Commission and the Governor’s Commission on Domestic Violence.

She holds a B.A. in Economics from American University as well as a degree from the New England School of Law.

External links

• New York Assembly Member Website
• Gotham Gazette’s Eye On Albany: New York State Assembly: District 41
• Helen’s About-Face
• Helene E. Weinstein - a Brooklyn, New York (NY) Lawyer
• Biography: New York State Democratic Committee
• Helen’s Frozen Fingers
• Project Vote Smart: Interest Group Ratings
• Switch by a Former Supporter Shows Evolution of Death Law

Preceded by Murray Weinstein

New York State Assembly, 41st District 1981–present

Incumbent

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Weinstein”
Categories: Democratic Party (United States) politicians | New York Democrats | Jewish American politicians | Members of the New York Assembly | Women state legislators in New York

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Libiamo ne’ lieti calici

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Libiamo ne’lieti calici (Drinking Song) is the most famous duet from Verdi’s La traviata, perhaps one of the most well known fragments of opera around the world, and an obligatory performance (as is this opera itself) for any great tenor. The song is categorised as a Brindisi, which encourages alcoholic drinking. Those who have performed it include Luciano Pavarotti, Giuseppe di Stefano, Plácido Domingo, José Carreras, Enrico Caruso, and many others. The words were written by Francesco Maria Piave.

Contents 1 The scene 2 Libretto 3 References 4 External links

The scene

The duet is performed in the first act of the opera, at Violetta Valéry’s house, and it is sung by Alfredo Germont and Violetta. Alfredo is a young man in love with Violetta. The scene is a late-night party at Violetta’s house. Alfredo is convinced by Gastone (Alfredo’s friend) and Violetta to show off his voice. He sings this drinking song.

Libretto

Old Italian (spoken by the upper social class of the 1850s)	Translation to Modern English
Libiamo, libiamo ne’lieti calici	Let’s drink, let’s drink from this merry chalice
che la belleza infiora.	that beauty so truly enhances
E la fuggevol, fuggevol ora s’inebrii	And the brief moment will be happily intoxicated
a voluttà.	with voluptuousness
Libiam ne’dolci fremiti	Let’s drink for the ecstatic feeling
che suscita l’amore,	that love arouses
poiché quell’ochio al core onnipossente va.	Because this eye aims straight to the almighty heart
Libiamo, amore, amor fra i calici	Let’s drink, my love, and the love among the chalices
più caldi baci avrà.	will make the kisses hotter
I calici più caldi baci avrà	The chalices will make the kisses hotter
I calici più caldi baci avrà	The chalices will make the kisses hotter
Tra voi tra voi saprò dividere	With you all, I can share
il tempo mio giocondo;	my happiest times
Tutto è follia, follia nel mondo ciò	Everything in life
che non è piacer.	which is not pleasure is foolish
Godiam, fugace e rapido	Let’s enjoy ourselves
e’il gaudio dell’amore,	for the delight of love is fleeting and quick
e’un fior che nasce e muore,	It’s like a flower that blooms and dies
ne più si può goder.	And we can no longer enjoy it
Godiamo, c’invita, c’invita un fervido	So enjoy; A keen and flattering
accento lusighier.	voice invites us!
Godiamo, la tazza, la tazza e il cantico,	Be happy; The wine and singing
la notte abbella e il riso;	beautify both the night and the laughter
in questo, in questo paradiso ne scopra il nuovo dì.	Let the new day find us in this paradise
La vita è nel tripudio	Life means celebration
Quando non s’ami ancora.	Only if one hasn’t known love
Nol dite a chi l’ignora,	Don’t tell someone who doesn’t know
E’il mio destin così…	But that seems to be my fate…
Godiamo, la tazza, la tazza e il cantico,	Be happy; The wine and singing
la notte abbella e il riso;	beautify both the night and the laughter
in questo, in questo paradiso ne scopra il nuovo dì.	Let the new day find us in this paradise

References

1. ^ Robert Glaubitz. “The Aria Database”. http://www.aria-database.com/cgi-bin/aria-search.pl?311a. Retrieved 2009-01-15. 
2. ^ Partial reference: Alejandro González Ponce. “Alfredo’s aria from La Traviata”. http://www.aria-database.com/translations/traviata02_brindisi.txt. Retrieved 2009-01-15. 
3. ^ Partial reference: “Libiamo ne’ lieti calici lyrics”. http://lyricsplayground.com/alpha/songs/l/libiamonelieticalici.shtml. Retrieved 2009-01-15. 

External links

• Plácido Domingo and Teresa Stratas singing “The drinking song”

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libiamo_ne%27_lieti_calici”
Categories: Opera excerpts | Vocal duets | Arias by Giuseppe Verdi

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Charles Edison

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Charles Edison
1945
42nd Governor of New Jersey
In office January 21, 1941 – January 18, 1944
Preceded by	A. Harry Moore
Succeeded by	Walter Evans Edge
United States Secretary of the Navy
In office January 2, 1940 – June 24, 1940
Preceded by	Claude A. Swanson
Succeeded by	Frank Knox
Born	August 3, 1890(1890-08-03) West Orange, New Jersey
Died	July 31, 1969 (aged 78) New York City
Political party	Democrat Conservative Party of New York State
Spouse(s)	Carolyn Hawkins
Religion	Presbyterian

Charles Edison (1890-1969) circa 1900

Charles Edison (August 3, 1890– July 31, 1969), son of Thomas Edison, was a businessman, Assistant and then United States Secretary of the Navy, and served as the 42nd Governor of New Jersey.

Contents 1 Biography 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links

Biography

Born at his parents’ home, Glenmont, in West Orange, New Jersey, he attended the Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut. In 1915-1916 he operated the one hundred seat “Little Thimble Theater” with Greenwich Village figure Guido Bruno. There they played the works of Shaw and Strindberg while Charles contributed verse to “Bruno’s Weekly” under the pseudonym “Tom Sleeper”. These avant-garde activities came to a halt when his father put him to work. He married his college sweetheart Carolyn Hawkins on March 27, 1918. They had no children. For a number of years Charles Edison ran Edison Records. Charles became president of his father’s company Thomas A. Edison, Inc. in 1927, and ran it until it was sold in 1957, when it merged with the McGraw Electric Company to form the McGraw-Edison Electric Company. Edison was board chairman of the merged company until he retired in 1961.

On January 18, 1937, President Roosevelt appointed Charles Edison as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, then as Secretary on January 2, 1940, Claude A. Swanson having died several months previously. Edison himself only kept the job until June 24, resigning to run his gubernatorial campaign. During his time in the Navy department, he advocated construction of the large Iowa-class battleships, and that one of them be built at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, which secured votes for Roosevelt in Pennsylvania and New Jersey in the 1940 presidential election; in return, Roosevelt had BB-62 named the USS New Jersey.

In 1940, he won election as Governor of New Jersey, running in reaction to the political machine run by Frank Hague, but broke with family tradition by declaring himself a Democrat. As governor, he proposed updating the New Jersey State Constitution. Although it failed in a referendum and nothing was changed during his tenure, state legislators did reform the constitution later. In 1948, he established a charitable foundation, originally called “The Brook Foundation”, now the Charles Edison Fund.

Between 1951 and 1969, he lived in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, where he struck up a friendship with Herbert Hoover, who also lived there. In 1962, Edison was one of the founders of the Conservative Party of New York State.

In 1967, Edison hosted a meeting at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York that led to the founding of the Charles Edison Youth Fund, later the Charles Edison Memorial Youth Fund. Attending the meeting were Rep. Walter Judd (R-Mn), author William F. Buckley, organizer David Jones, and Edison’s political advisor Marvin Liebman. The name of the organization was changed in 1985 to The Fund for American Studies , in keeping with Edison’s request to drop his name after 20 years of use.

Charles Edison, 1931

His personal mascot was the owl, and he collected objects depicting owls. Charles Edison died on July 31, 1969 in New York City. He is buried in Rosedale Cemetery in Orange, New Jersey.

See also

• List of Governors of New Jersey
• Charles Edison (1890-1969) World War I draft registration

References

1. ^ ^{a b} “”GEDIS.pdf”" (PDF). http://www.njstatelib.org/NJ_Information/Digital_Collections/Governors_of_New_Jersey/GEDIS.pdf. Retrieved September 23, 2007. 
2. ^ Secretaries of the Navy, Naval Historical Center. Accessed August 6, 2007.
3. ^ Comegno, Carol. “Historian details the role politics played in battleship’s creation”, Courier-Post, January 6, 2000. Accessed May 27, 2007. “Professor Jeffery Dorwart, of Rutgers-Camden said the ship was named after the state by President Franklin Roosevelt to repay a political debt to Charles Edison, the son of inventor Thomas Edison.”
4. ^ “”Charles Edison”". http://www.charlesedisonfund.org/edison.html. Retrieved September 23, 2007. 
5. ^ John D. Venable, Out of the Shadow: the Story of Charles Edison (Charles Edison Fund, 1978), p. 271.
6. ^ Niels Bjerre-Poulsen, Right Face: Organizing the American Conservative Movement 1945-65 (Museum Tusculanum Press, 2002), p. 143. (ISBN 978-8772898094)
7. ^ “Charles Edison, 78, Ex-Governor Of Jersey and U.S. Aide, Is Dead”. New York Times. August 1, 1969. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C14F6355E1B7493C3A91783D85F4D8685F9. Retrieved 2007-07-21. “Charles Edison, former Governor of New Jersey, … Mr. Edison, who had been admitted to the hospital on Wednesday, was 78 years …” 

Further reading

• Richard J. Connors, State Constitutional Convention Studies, #4: The Process of Constitutional Revision in New Jersey: 1940-1947. (New York: National Municipal League, 1970).
• Out of the Shadow: the Story of Charles Edison (Charles Edison Fund, 1978). (ASIN B0006CZSHW)

External links

• Biography for Charles Edison (PDF), New Jersey State Library
• New Jersey Governor Charles Edison, National Governors Association
• Charles Edison Fund: Includes a picture of Charles Edison
• The Pragmatic Populism of a Non-Partisan Politician: An Analysis of the Political Philosophy of Charles Edison
• Fund for American Studies, formerly the Charles Edison Memorial Youth Fund

Government offices
Preceded by Henry L. Roosevelt	Assistant Secretary of the Navy January 18, 1937 – January 1, 1940	Succeeded by Lewis Compton
Preceded by Claude Augustus Swanson	United States Secretary of the Navy January 2, 1940 – June 24, 1940	Succeeded by Frank Knox
Party political offices
Preceded by A. Harry Moore	Democratic nominee for Governor of New Jersey 1940	Succeeded by Vincent J. Murphy
Political offices
Preceded by A. Harry Moore	Governor of New Jersey January 21, 1941 – January 18, 1944	Succeeded by Walter Evans Edge
Non-profit organization positions
Preceded by John G. Winant	President of the National Municipal League 1946 – 1950	Succeeded by Henry Bruère

v • d • e United States Secretaries of the Navy Cabinet Level Stoddert • Smith • Hamilton • Jones • Crowninshield • S Thompson • Southard • Branch • Woodbury • Dickerson • Paulding • Badger • Upshur • Henshaw • Gilmer • Mason • Bancroft • Mason • Preston • Graham • Kennedy • Dobbin • Toucey • Welles • Borie • Robeson • R Thompson • Goff • Hunt • Chandler • Whitney • Tracy • Herbert • Long • Moody • Morton • Bonaparte • Metcalf • Newberry • Meyer • Daniels • Denby • Wilbur • Adams • Swanson • Edison • Knox • Forrestal Dept. of Defense Sullivan • Matthews • Kimball • Anderson • Thomas • Gates • Franke • Connally • Korth • Nitze • Ignatius • Chafee • Warner • Middendorf • Claytor • Hidalgo • Lehman • Webb • Ball • Garrett • O’Keefe • Dalton • Danzig • England • Winter • Mabus

v • d • e Governors of New Jersey Livingston · Paterson · Howell · Bloomfield · Ogden · W.S. Pennington · M. Dickerson · Williamson · Vroom · Southard · Seeley · Vroom · P. Dickerson · W. Pennington · Haines · Stratton · Haines · G. Fort · Price · Newell · Olden · Parker · Ward · Randolph · Parker · Bedle · McClellan · Ludlow · Abbett · Green · Abbett · Werts · Griggs · Voorhees · Murphy · Stokes · J. Fort · Wilson · Fielder · Edge · Edwards · Silzer · Moore · Larson · Moore · Hoffman · Moore · Edison · Edge · Driscoll · Meyner · Hughes · Cahill · Byrne · Kean · Florio · Whitman · DiFrancesco · McGreevey · Codey · Corzine · Christie

v • d • e Cabinet of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) Vice President John Nance Garner (1933–1941) • Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) • Harry S. Truman (1945) Secretary of State Cordell Hull (1933–1944) • Edward Stettinius, Jr. (1944–1945) Secretary of War George Dern (1933–1936) • Harry Hines Woodring (1936–1940) • Henry L. Stimson (1940–1945) Secretary of the Treasury William Hartman Woodin (1933–1934) • Henry Morgenthau, Jr. (1934–1945) Attorney General Homer Stille Cummings (1933–1939) • Frank Murphy (1939–1940) • Robert H. Jackson (1940–1941) • Francis Biddle (1941–1945) Postmaster General James Farley (1933–1940) • Frank Comerford Walker (1940–1945) Secretary of the Navy Claude A. Swanson (1933–1939) • Charles Edison (1940) • Frank Knox (1940–1944) • James Forrestal (1944–1945) Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes (1933–1945) Secretary of the Agriculture Henry A. Wallace (1933–1940) • Claude R. Wickard (1940–1945) Secretary of Commerce Daniel Calhoun Roper (1933–1938) • Harry Hopkins (1939–1940) • Jesse Holman Jones (1940–1945) • Henry A. Wallace (1945) Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins (1933–1945)

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edison”
Categories: Franklin D. Roosevelt administration cabinet members | 1890 births | 1969 deaths | Governors of New Jersey | Thomas Edison | United States Secretaries of the Navy | People from West Orange, New Jersey | Scottish Americans | Dutch Americans

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Abdul Jalil of Perak

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This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009)

Sultan Abdul Jalil Bridge at Kuala Kangsar.

Sultan Abdul Jalil, KCMG, was a sultan of Perak. Perak was part of the Federated Malay States during his reign and became a state of the independent Malaya in 1957, and subsequently Malaysia in 1963.

He ascended the Perak throne after the death of his father - Sultan Idris Shah I. His reigning title was Sultan Abdul Jalil Nasiruddin Al-Mukhataram Karamatullah Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Idris Murshidul Azam Shah.

He died in 1918 and was given the post-humous title of Marhum Radziallah. He was succeeded by his younger brother - Sultan Iskandar Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Idris Rahmatullah Shah.

Legacy

The Sultan Abdul Jalil Bridge which crosses the Perak River at Kuala Kangsar is named in his honor.

Preceded by Sultan Idris Murshidul Azam Shah Ibni Almarhum Raja Bendahara Alang Iskandar

Sultan of Perak 20 January 1916 - November 1918 (his death)

Succeeded by Sultan Iskandar Shah

This biography of a member of an Asian royal house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v • d • e

This Malaysian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v • d • e

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Jalil_of_Perak”
Categories: 1918 deaths | Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George | Monarchs of Perak | Asian royalty stubs | Malaysian people stubsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from July 2009 | All articles lacking sources | Year of birth missing

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